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Petrochemicals play a crucial role in the global energy supply. They refer primarily to fuels such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, heavy oil, and natural gas, which are derived from petroleum refining. These products remain the main source of energy worldwide, accounting for approximately 60% of total energy consumption. In China, although coal still plays a significant role, petrochemicals contribute significantly to the energy mix. For example, in 1995, China produced 80 million tons of fuel oil. Petrochemicals are mainly used as fuel for vehicles, aircraft, ships, and industrial boilers, with only a small portion used for household purposes. Energy efficiency remains a key challenge, and the sector consumes about 8.5% of total energy, indicating a need for further optimization.
In addition to energy, petrochemicals are one of the pillars of the material industry. Alongside metals and inorganic materials, polymer synthetic materials form the three major categories of materials. Globally, the petrochemical industry produces around 145 million tons of synthetic polymers annually, while China exceeded 8 million tons in 1996. Beyond synthetic materials, petrochemicals also serve as the primary raw materials for organic chemicals, supporting a wide range of industries.
The petrochemical industry also significantly contributes to agricultural development. It provides over 80% of the nitrogen fertilizers used in agriculture. Additionally, the use of agricultural plastic films, pesticides, and fuel for farm machinery is largely driven by petrochemical products, forming the backbone of modern agricultural practices.
Every industrial sector relies on petrochemical products. From transportation to manufacturing, lubricants, plastics, and chemical additives are essential. Lubricant production globally exceeds 20 million tons, with China producing around 1.8 million tons. The construction industry increasingly uses petrochemical-based materials like plastics, coatings, and insulation. Even traditional sectors like textiles and light industry depend heavily on these products. As high-tech industries like electronics continue to grow, they demand advanced petrochemical derivatives, driving innovation and growth in the sector.
The development of the petrochemical industry requires extensive support from various sectors. Large-scale petrochemical complexes require substantial investment and careful planning. Refineries, cracking plants, and production facilities must be integrated to ensure efficient resource flow. For instance, producing 300,000 tons of ethylene annually requires processing 1.2 million tons of raw materials, supported by a refinery with a capacity of 2.5 million tons. Infrastructure, including electricity, water, and logistics, is essential. Moreover, the industry demands specialized equipment, some of which must be imported, requiring collaboration with metallurgy, power, and engineering sectors.
As a highly technical industry, petrochemicals rely on advanced research and skilled professionals. Areas like organic chemistry, polymer science, catalysis, and automation are critical for progress. Continued investment in education and technology is necessary to maintain competitiveness and drive future development. With strong interdisciplinary support, the petrochemical industry can achieve sustainable growth and reach new technological heights.